Don't Be On Your Own During Bankruptcy

A person who files a bankruptcy case without an attorney is called a pro se debtor. “Pro se” is Latin meaning “for oneself;” in other words, you are on your own. Being on your own during your bankruptcy may save a few upfront dollars, but can cost you plenty in the long run. There are many negative consequences that are often unexpected and sometimes disastrous.

The savings pro se debtors receive is minimal and the risk is great. Attorney fees during bankruptcy are supervised by the United States Bankruptcy Court. The federal bankruptcy law allows an attorney to collect reasonable compensation for services rendered during a bankruptcy case. Consequently, bankruptcy attorneys charge similar fees in order to stay competitive, and attorneys must disclose their fee to the bankruptcy court.

When you are represented by an experienced bankruptcy attorney you receive several benefits. Your attorney brings years of experience and knowledge in areas including the Federal Bankruptcy Code, the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, the bankruptcy court’s local rules, federal bankruptcy case law, and state and federal exemption and collection laws. Your attorney is also familiar with the bankruptcy judge, the bankruptcy trustee, and local creditor practices.

When you are represented, you will have counsel at the Meeting of Creditors with the bankruptcy trustee. The trustee assumes that a pro se debtor has made errors in the bankruptcy, and will grill the pro se debtor and scrutinize the bankruptcy case. When you are represented, your attorney helps you answer any trustee questions, and can file motions and responses via the court’s electronic filing system. When you are on your own you must mail or personally file documents with the court and must appear before the bankruptcy judge to reaffirm a debt.

The federal law guarantees open access to the courts and permits self representation in lawsuits, including bankruptcy proceedings. However, the benefit of having an experienced bankruptcy attorney at your side far outweighs any savings proceeding on your own. Consult with an experienced attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you.

The effects of debt can affect your credit, your health, and even your job. Calls to your work from debt collectors can interfere with your job performance. Requesting payday advances from your employer can cost you a raise or promotion. In some extreme cases your debt problem can even get you fired.

The Cleveland Plain Dealer recently reported that 39 Defense Finance and Accounting Service employees will lose their jobs as a result of their bad credit ratings. In each case the employee mismanaged finances and failed to meet standards the government requires of employees who have access to sensitive information like Social Security numbers. While you may not have a government job that requires a security clearance, if your debt issues are affecting your job, it is time to get help.

Government and many private employers hold the opinion that excessive indebtedness increases the temptation to commit unethical or illegal acts in order to obtain funds to pay off debts. Private employers that are especially sensitive to their employees’ debt include banks and other financial institutions, retail stores, and any business where the employee might handle cash on a routine basis.

The federal bankruptcy laws can help you solve your debt problem without losing your job. Section 525 of the Bankruptcy Code prohibits a government or private employer from terminating or discriminating against an employee who files bankruptcy. The federal law clearly forbids an employer from firing you on account of your bankruptcy.

Many employers view bankruptcy as a resolution of a debt problem through a government approved process, which may positively reflect on the employee as an indication of financial responsibility. Eliminating your debts through bankruptcy may also decrease financial pressures and lessen the risk of unethical or illegal acts.

If your debts are affecting your job, consult with a bankruptcy attorney and explore your options. Bankruptcy is a federally guaranteed legal process that helps individuals recover from overwhelming financial hardship. Protect yourself and your job by getting the help and relief you need.

Bankruptcy Can Help Build a Better Future

Pop quiz: What do Walt Disney, Mark Twain and Larry King have in common?

They each filed a personal bankruptcy and went on to have extraordinary success in life.

Bankruptcy is not a professional or financial death sentence. Just ask Donald Trump who has filed multiple Chapter 11 reorganization bankruptcies for his casinos. Bankruptcy is a financial tool that uses the federal law to protect the honest, but unfortunate debtor. Bankruptcy allows the debtor the opportunity to restructure finances and formulate a plan to repay or discharge debt. Bankruptcy provides the debtor a fresh start to a new financial future – one free of the pressures from debt collectors.

Here’s another question: What honor did Kim Basinger and Burt Reynolds receive after filing personal bankruptcy?

Each was nominated for an Academy Award in 1997. Basinger won an Oscar for best supporting actress for L.A. Confidential, and Reynolds was nominated for best supporting actor for Boogie Nights.

Bankruptcy can help you and your family build a more solid financial foundation. Henry Ford created another automobile company after his first company filed bankruptcy. It’s safe to say that Ford Motor Company would not exist today without the help of the federal bankruptcy laws. The same can be said for General Motors, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009.

How can bankruptcy help you? The bankruptcy laws can stop a foreclosure sale, a pending lawsuit, and creditor harassment. Bankruptcy can protect your family assets and retirement accounts from creditors. Bankruptcy can eliminate debt or give you time to repay loans including delinquent car and home payments. The federal bankruptcy laws helped over a million people get relief during 2009, including celebrities Stephen Baldwin, Sinbad, and Bernie Kosar.

As Abraham Lincoln (filed bankruptcy in 1833) once said, “The best thing about the future is that it comes only one day at a time.” If you are experiencing overwhelming financial difficulty, take the first step to a better future by speaking with an experienced bankruptcy attorney today.

The Bankruptcy Trustee is Not Your Friend

The United States Trustee Program is a component of the Department of Justice. The Trustee Program appoints and supervises local private trustees who administer Chapter 7 and 13 bankruptcy estates. One of the private trustee’s chief duties in Chapter 7 cases is to liquidate the debtor’s nonexempt assets and pay creditors with the proceeds. Similarly, in a Chapter 13 case the trustee must ensure that the debtor devotes all disposable income to debt repayment.

The trustee is not your friend, the judge, or your legal counsel. The trustee has no judicial power to make final decisions or issue orders regarding your bankruptcy case. While the private trustee is very skilled at bankruptcy law, the trustee is forbidden from giving the debtor legal advice.

On occasion a debtor will contact the trustee’s office with questions concerning the bankruptcy case. This is always a bad idea and often results in a negative outcome. Direct debtor contact is uncommon, so the trustee will identify and remember a debtor that personally contacts his or her office. The case may have been a “routine” bankruptcy case for the trustee, but after the debtor contact the case is squarely on the trustee’s radar. The trustee will assume there is a problem with the bankruptcy and scrutinize the case.

During a lawsuit direct communication with represented litigants is generally prohibited. Many trustees are also licensed attorneys, but may communicate directly with you while performing the duties of bankruptcy trustee. If you call the trustee, he or she will likely speak with you. And why not? You may inadvertently disclose something that is better left unsaid. What seems like an innocent and expedient communication may turn into an issue that you are unable to predict.

The bankruptcy trustee is not your friend. If you have questions concerning your bankruptcy, discuss your issues with your attorney. Your attorney can answer questions about your case, and is experienced in dealing with the bankruptcy trustee. Let your attorney represent you and do not complicate your case by communicating directly with the bankruptcy trustee.

Lien Avoidance in Bankruptcy

Your bankruptcy attorney has many powerful to help you keep property while eliminating debt. One tool is lien avoidance, which is available to both Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 debtors. The general rule in bankruptcy is that debts secured by a lien must be paid or the property must be surrendered to the creditor. However, under certain circumstances, a lien can be legally avoided without losing the property.

The Bankruptcy Code identifies two different types of liens that may be avoided during bankruptcy: (1) a judicial lien; and (2) a non-possessory, non-purchase money security interest in household goods or tools of the trade. Furthermore, to qualify for avoidance the debtor must be able to apply a bankruptcy exemption (a legal allowance to the debtor to protect property from creditors) to the property securing the debt.

Clear as mud, right?

Let's make it a little clearer: first, judicial liens are judgments and garnishments caused by a court order or judicial process. If your property is subject to a debt imposed by a court order, it may be possible to avoid the lien during bankruptcy. Statutory liens, like tax liens, are not avoidable in Chapter 7, but may be avoidable in Chapter 13.

Second, a non-possessory, non-purchase money security interest is simply a lien that you gave a creditor against property that you owned prior to incurring the debt and did not acquire using money from the creditor. A typical example is a personal bank loan secured by your television and/or other household items.

Finally, to qualify for lien avoidance, the debtor must be able to apply a legal exemption to the property. For instance, if you own a television worth $500 used as collateral for a $1,000 personal loan, you may be able to apply a legal exemption to protect the television and avoid the lien against it. Once the lien is avoided, the status of the debt changes from secured to unsecured and is likely discharged at the end of the bankruptcy case.

Additionally, if the legal exemption does not protect all of the value of the property, the lien may be reduced to the extent the lien secures the property. Using the above example, if the television is worth $500, but the debtor is only able to exempt $250 of its value, the creditor's lien would be reduced in value from $1,000 to $250 (the amount of non-exempt equity in the television).

To avoid a lien the debtor's attorney files a motion with the bankruptcy court alleging that the creditor's lien is impairing the debtor's exemption. Typically these motions are uncontested and are granted without hearing.

It is important that you provide your bankruptcy attorney with documentation for all of your loans. Your attorney can avoid certain liens during the bankruptcy that will safeguard your property after your bankruptcy discharge.

Five Common Bankruptcy Mistakes to Avoid

The federal bankruptcy laws promise a fresh financial start for the honest but unfortunate debtor. Bankruptcy balances the interests of the debtor to obtain his fresh start and the interests of the creditor to see that the debtor pays whatever he can afford. In some circumstances the debtor can complicate his bankruptcy case before he files.

Mistake #1: Paying an Insider Creditor
The bankruptcy laws attempt to ensure that all creditors receive fair treatment during the bankruptcy process. One concern is that the debtor will pay loans to family or friends before filing bankruptcy, and therefore deprive other creditors from receiving payment. Family, friends, business partners, and other creditors who have close relationships with the debtor are called “insider creditors” and transfers to insider creditors can be avoided by the bankruptcy trustee if the transfer occurred within one year before the bankruptcy filing. For instance, if you gave your mother $1,000 from your income tax refund as payment for a debt, and then filed bankruptcy two months later, the bankruptcy trustee can sue your mother to recover the $1,000. To make matters worse, often the debtor could have protected the cash money during the bankruptcy and paid the debt without difficulty after the case was filed.

Mistake #2: Incurring Debt After Deciding to File
Some people decide to charge up credit cards or take payday loans just before filing bankruptcy. If you have decided to file bankruptcy, do not incur additional debt. Taking loans with no intention to repay the creditor could be fraud. It could also be a criminal act.

Mistake #3: Transferring Property
Some people fear that they will lose property when they file bankruptcy. Some will give away or sell property to avoid losing it. In most cases your bankruptcy attorney can protect your property and you will not lose anything. However, once you have transferred an item it is no longer eligible for legal protections. For instance, a car worth $2,000 is likely entirely protected from turnover during your bankruptcy. If you transfer title of this vehicle to your brother before the bankruptcy, the trustee can avoid the transfer, take the car, and sell it to pay your creditors.

Mistake #4: Cashing out Retirement
Most retirement accounts are entirely protected during bankruptcy. Unfortunately, some people are unaware of these broad protections and cash out their retirement savings out of fear that it will be taken during the bankruptcy. Sometimes the money is spent to pay off loans which can create preference issues. In other cases the debtor converts an exempt asset (retirement funds) to a non-exempt asset (e.g. a paid off car).

Mistake #5: Failing to Be Honest
This is the worst mistake of all because the bankruptcy laws do not protect a dishonest debtor. Failure to truthfully list all of your assets, debts, income and expenses is grounds for dismissal of your case, or you may have to answer allegations of bankruptcy fraud (a federal crime).

If you are experiencing financial difficulty and are considering bankruptcy, discuss your case with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your bankruptcy attorney can advise you on the best actions to take before bankruptcy and how to avoid common mistakes. Use the federal bankruptcy laws and protect your property.

Medical Treatment And Bankruptcy

It is no surprise that illness is a chief contributor to personal bankruptcy. In fact, a 2009 study released by Harvard researchers claims that 62% of all personal bankruptcies during 2007 were caused by health problems. Many individuals struggling with medical bills need relief, but worry about how a bankruptcy will affect their ability to receive medical care in the future.

Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act hospitals and ambulance services are required to provide emergency healthcare to a person regardless of ability to pay. This federal law requires appropriate medical screening, necessary stabilization, and transfer to an appropriate facility for treatment of an emergency condition. In broad general terms, if you have an emergency medical condition, a hospital ER must treat you.

If you do not have an emergency medical condition, the hospital or doctor may refuse treatment to a bankruptcy debtor. It is unusual for a hospital to deny service after bankruptcy unless the patient demonstrates an inability to pay the new bill. If you have insurance or other form of guaranteed payment, the hospital will likely treat you.

Individual physicians are more likely to deny services if you have discharged their bill. Many bankruptcy debtors want to continue a relationship with their personal doctor, and consequently make payment arrangements after the bankruptcy has been filed. While the bankruptcy law requires the debtor to list every creditor, there is no prohibition against paying a debt after the bankruptcy. Paying the debt does not renew or create a new obligation and the doctor may not take action to collect a discharged debt (i.e. writing or calling to encourage payment).

If you need to include medical bills in your bankruptcy, but worry about receiving future medical care, consult with your bankruptcy attorney. In most cases there is no interruption in medical care or treatment. Know your legal rights and be informed of how your bankruptcy will affect your ability to receive medical care.

Keeping A Credit Card During Bankruptcy

A credit card is a safe and convenient way to pay for life’s necessities. In some cases a credit card is required to purchase goods or services. Debit cards are often a poor substitute for a credit card as bank holds can tie up your account for days.

If you want to keep a credit card during your bankruptcy, there are a few things to know. First, the Bankruptcy Code requires that you list all of your creditors and debts owed on the date of the bankruptcy filing. Consequently, if a credit card has a zero balance on the date that you file bankruptcy, it does not need to be listed and the credit card company does not receive notice.

Second, the use of credit during a chapter 13 bankruptcy is prohibited without prior authorization from the trustee and bankruptcy court. Usually credit approval is contingent upon a written agreement or statement from the credit card company. Chapter 7 debtors do not have this restriction.

Third, a payment on a credit card within 90 days before your bankruptcy filing may be considered a preference payment. The bankruptcy trustee may seek a court order compelling the credit card company to turn over any pre-filing payments.

Fourth, credit card companies conduct regular checks of their cardholders’ credit and your bankruptcy filing may result in the card issuer closing your account, reducing your credit line, or increasing your interest rate. These actions may also occur if you choose to reaffirm your debt with the credit card company. After reaffirming the debt the card may be cancelled and you are stuck with a non-discharged credit card balance.

Fifth, intentional failure to list a credit card with a balance can result in dismissal of your bankruptcy case. The bankruptcy court expects you to be entirely truthful concerning who you owe, regardless of your intention to pay the debt.

Sixth, consider obtaining credit after your bankruptcy discharge. Many debtors are offered unsecured credit cards shortly after their bankruptcy discharge. Many creditors consider a recently discharged debtor a good credit risk because the debtor is unable to receive another bankruptcy discharge for several years, and likely has a good debt-to-income ratio. Many post-discharge credit card offers carry high interest rates and fees, so choose wisely.

Secured credit cards are another credit option after bankruptcy. A secured credit card requires a security deposit placed with the credit card company who then issues a credit line secured by the deposit. Many banks and credit unions offer their customers secured credit cards at reasonable interest rates.

If you are interested in keeping a credit card during bankruptcy, consult with your bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can discuss your options and help you decide on the best way to maintain a credit card account during and after your bankruptcy.

Making Your First Chapter 13 Payment

In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case the debtor proposes a plan to pay back creditors. That plan is composed of monthly payments to satisfy all or part of the creditors' claims over three to five years. Monthly payments are made to the Chapter 13 Trustee, who then pays your creditors.

There is often confusion over when the first plan payment due. Section 1326 of the Bankruptcy Code directs that the first payment must be made within 30 days after filing the bankruptcy case, even if the debtor’s bankruptcy plan has not yet been approved by the court. Often the first meeting with the Trustee (also known as the "341 meeting" or "meeting of creditors") is scheduled more than 30 days after the filing date, so the Trustee expects your first payment before that meeting. The Trustee will hold all payments until the plan is approved by the Bankruptcy Court (called "confirmation"), and then make distributions to creditors.

It is critical that you make this initial payment within thirty days after filing. It is especially important to monitor the status of this first payment when you have instructed your employer to pay the Trustee from your wages. It is your responsibility to ensure that this first payment is made, and neither the Trustee nor the Bankruptcy Court gives much latitude to a debtor who misses the first deadline in the case.

Making a timely first Chapter 13 payment allows your plan to proceed to confirmation and will expedite the bankruptcy process. Failure to commence making payments can result in delays, additional expenses, or even dismissal. Consult with your bankruptcy attorney regarding payment details, and make that first payment on-time!

Who Will Know About My Bankruptcy?

Filing bankruptcy is a very personal process. Many clients worry that their friends and neighbors will learn about their bankruptcy. A common question is, "Who will know about my bankruptcy?"

First, personal bankruptcy cases are generally not reported in the local newspaper. Unless you are a celebrity or public figure, your bankruptcy is not newsworthy. More than 1.4 million consumer filings were recorded last year, so many larger newspapers would have to publish thousands of bankruptcies in their papers each month. It is not cost-effective for a newspaper to search through the bankruptcy court records to find individuals who filed in their distribution area and use valuable print space to report on personal bankruptcy cases.

Second, the bankruptcy laws require notices of the bankruptcy filing to go out to the following:

1. Everyone you owe money (called "creditors");

2. The bankruptcy trustee;

3. Co-signors and co-debtors; and

4. You and your attorney.

Under special circumstances other notices are sent, for instance if you owe taxes, or if you want to terminate a lease or contract. Family, neighbors, friends, your employer, your bank, etc. will generally not receive notice of your bankruptcy. A common exception to this general rule is when the debtor causes a voluntary wage withholding to pay chapter 13 plan payments.

Third, while bankruptcy court proceedings and trustee meetings are open to the public, it is unusual for the press or members of the public to attend. Most of these meetings are very brief and can even be a little boring.

Finally, other than receiving notice of the bankruptcy filing from the bankruptcy court, there are only a few ways to learn of a bankruptcy case. The most common way is to contact the bankruptcy court directly. Most bankruptcy courts have an automated telephone system that will provide basic case information to the public.

Filing a bankruptcy petition is generally a private and confidential process. While there are no guarantees that your friends and neighbors will not learn about your bankruptcy, chances are they will not unless you decide to tell them. However, every case is different. If you have specific questions about the effects of filing bankruptcy, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.

"At Risk" Property During Chapter 7 Bankruptcy

Chapter 7 bankruptcy is generally a numbers game between the bankruptcy trustee and the debtor. The trustee seeks to liquidate the debtor's non-exempt assets to pay creditors, and the debtor tries to avoid liquidation of any property. When property is identified by the trustee as non-exempt, the trustee may ask the debtor to turn over the property (or its cash equivalent). The trustee will then liquidate the property and distribute the proceeds to creditors.

The United States Trustee Program reports only around four percent of all Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases are “asset cases.” In other words, statistically only one case in twenty-five has an asset that can be converted to cash and distributed to creditors. Some common types of non-exempt assets include:

• Cash money
• Tax refund
• Vehicle equity
• Home equity
• Misidentified financial account
• Unlisted property

Whenever a non-exempt asset is found by the bankruptcy trustee, the debtor’s case comes under greater scrutiny, the case is generally prolonged while the asset is administered, and creditors are invited to file proof of claims to participate in the distribution of the asset.

The key to keeping property during a Chapter 7 bankruptcy is early identification and full disclosure with your bankruptcy attorney. Poor communication between the client and attorney is usually the cause of “at risk” property. Every bankruptcy attorney has a story about a client who informs the trustee at the 341 meeting of creditors, “I didn’t tell my attorney about this property, but. . .” This story seldom has a happy ending for the client and usually results in the loss of that property.

There are many ways to protect property during a Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Be sure to discuss all of your assets with your attorney. If you have doubts whether you have an ownership interest in property, discuss it with your attorney. Your attorney can provide you legal options to protect your assets and avoid “at risk” property.

Changes in Law Make Bankruptcy More Accessible

Effective April 1, 2010, certain dollar limits contained in the Bankruptcy Code will be increased. A full comparison of the current and changed amounts can be found by following this link. These most meaningful changes to consumer bankruptcy cases are:

• An increase of the eligibility limit for Chapter 13 from $336, 900 to $360,475 in unsecured debt, and from $1,010,650 to
$1,081,400 in secured debt;

• The federal homestead exemption increases from $136,875 to $146,450; and

• The presumption of fraud for luxury items purchased with a credit card within 90 days of a bankruptcy filing increases from $550 to $600; and the presumption of fraud for credit card cash advances within 70 days of filing increases from $825 to $875.

Many other dollar amount increases will take effect on April 1, 2010, including increases to protected educational accounts, increasing restrictions to the bankruptcy trustee’s powers under certain circumstances, and increased protection for retirement accounts. In all, these increases will make the bankruptcy attorney’s job of protecting the consumer debtor a little easier, and make the bankruptcy process more accessible. Please note that these changes will only affect bankruptcy cases filed on or after April 1, 2010.

If you and your family struggle each month to pay bills, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your financial options. There are many repayment and “walk-away” options available under the Bankruptcy Code. Get the facts and don’t let debt ruin your life.

Changes in Law Make Bankruptcy More Accessible

Effective April 1, 2010, certain dollar limits contained in the Bankruptcy Code will be increased. A full comparison of the current and changed amounts can be found by following this link. These most meaningful changes to consumer bankruptcy cases are:

• An increase of the eligibility limit for Chapter 13 from $336, 900 to $360,475 in unsecured debt, and from $1,010,650 to
$1,081,400 in secured debt;

• The federal homestead exemption increases from $136,875 to $146,450; and

• The presumption of fraud for luxury items purchased with a credit card within 90 days of a bankruptcy filing increases from $550 to $600; and the presumption of fraud for credit card cash advances within 70 days of filing increases from $825 to $875.

Many other dollar amount increases will take effect on April 1, 2010, including increases to protected educational accounts, increasing restrictions to the bankruptcy trustee’s powers under certain circumstances, and increased protection for retirement accounts. In all, these increases will make the bankruptcy attorney’s job of protecting the consumer debtor a little easier, and make the bankruptcy process more accessible. Please note that these changes will only affect bankruptcy cases filed on or after April 1, 2010.

If you and your family struggle each month to pay bills, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your financial options. There are many repayment and “walk-away” options available under the Bankruptcy Code. Get the facts and don’t let debt ruin your life.

A Fresh Start to a Bright Financial Future

While working on the electric light bulb Thomas Edison was asked by a reporter, “How does it feel to have failed seven hundred times?”

Edison replied, “I have not failed seven hundred times. I have not failed once. I have succeeded in proving those seven hundred ways will not work. When I have eliminated the ways that will not work, I will find the way that will work.”

As businessman Harvey Mackay says, “Failure is an attitude, not an outcome.”
When a person makes a decision to file bankruptcy, the decision is largely based on a recognition that something hasn’t worked and changes need to be made. Fortunately, the bankruptcy laws provide the tools to make those financial changes. Through bankruptcy you can have a fresh start at a new financial life without the burdens of overwhelming debt. The Supreme Court has stated many times that “[t]he principal purpose of the Bankruptcy Code is to grant a ‘fresh start’ to the honest but unfortunate debtor.” Marrama v. Citizens Bank of Massachusetts.

Does the fresh start work? Yes! A study by the Executive Office of the United States Trustee found that “[m]ost chapter 7 debtors have a substantial negative net worth at filing, but have a small positive net worth after discharge.” Bankruptcy works to put you on the right financial track with the hope for a better tomorrow.

A Chapter 7 bankruptcy releases the debtor from personal liability for certain types of debts. Unsecured debts (usually the most burdensome type like high interest credit card debt and medical bills) are discharged by the bankruptcy case without payment. The discharge is a court-ordered injunction that prohibits your creditors from collecting from you in the future. The creditor can no longer call, write, or take any collection action against you.

If you are ready for a fresh start, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help. An experienced bankruptcy attorney can explain your legal options and help you find a way that works for a bright financial future.

Employment Discrimination and Bankruptcy

Most bankruptcy clients worry about how a bankruptcy might disrupt their lives. While many of these fears are unfounded, it is important for you to know the truth about the bankruptcy process and how it may affect you after your case. One serious matter is how a bankruptcy may affect an individual’s employment.

The first concern is how a bankruptcy can affect your current job. An employer will not receive notice of your bankruptcy except under two circumstances. First, you owe a debt to your employer, the bankruptcy court will notify your employer. Second, if you file a chapter 13 debt repayment bankruptcy, and choose a voluntary wage garnishment to pay creditors, your employer will be notified.

Additionally, section 525 of the Bankruptcy Code prohibits a government or private employer from terminating or discriminating against an employee who files bankruptcy. You cannot be fired from your current job because you filed bankruptcy.

A second concern is how a bankruptcy may affect your ability to get a job. Government employers are absolutely prohibited from denying employment to a person solely on the basis of a bankruptcy filing. As for private employers, most courts have found that the bankruptcy code does not prohibit a private employer from denying a person employment because of a bankruptcy filing.

Refusing to hire a person solely because of a bankruptcy filing seems like a very short-sighted and naïve policy. Consider that the U.S. Census Bureau estimates there are around 308 million people in the United States. From 2000 to 2009, there were over 13 million non-business bankruptcy filings (source: American Bankruptcy Institute). That is over four bankruptcy filings per one hundred people. That figure rises substantially once you take into account that the census includes many that are not in the “working” population, and that many of the non-business bankruptcy filings were joint husband and wife filings. Add to the fact that there are many legitimate and blameless reasons for filing bankruptcy, and it is no wonder that most employers do not discriminate based upon a bankruptcy filing.

If you are experiencing financial difficulty, consult with a bankruptcy attorney and explore your options. Bankruptcy is a federally guaranteed legal process that helps individuals recover from overwhelming financial hardship. Get your financial fresh start today.

Popular Half-Truths About Bankruptcy

The internet is full of half-truths that feed the speculative fears of the evils of bankruptcy. Most of this information comes from sources outside the bankruptcy process, like debt counselors, or financial planners who often are selling alternatives to bankruptcy. The most commonly stated “reasons to avoid bankruptcy” are:

1. It will ruin your credit
2. You will lose property
3. Not all debts are eliminated
4. You may be subject to repossession or foreclosure
5. You may not be able to get a job
6. You cannot get credit

Those are serious allegations, so let’s look at them.

First, bankruptcy is typically a last-resort option, so the average bankruptcy filer’s credit is already ruined. The bankruptcy wipes the slate clean and stops future adverse reporting for past debts. In other words, if you are 120 days late on a credit card, your credit report will continue to show that you are 120 days late month after month. A bankruptcy stops that reporting from the day you file your case so your credit can improve.

Second, it is exceedingly rare that a debtor loses property unexpectedly. When it happens it is generally the result of poor communication with the client. In all other cases the debtor will only lose property that is voluntarily surrendered, meaning the debtor has made a financial decision to not keep a house or car.

Third, there are actually very few debts that cannot be eliminated. The most common types are child support, some IRS debts, and student loans. However, even these non-dischargeable debts can be managed within the bankruptcy.

Fourth, the bankruptcy automatic stay will stop any foreclosure or repossession. If the creditor wants to take possession of the property after the bankruptcy filing, it must petition the bankruptcy court for permission.

Fifth, it is against the federal law to discriminate against a job applicant solely on the basis of filing a bankruptcy.

Sixth, many bankruptcy debtors have rebuild their financial lives within a year or two of the bankruptcy filing. It takes time and effort to rebuild, but there are no past debts to drag you down!

Don’t get your bankruptcy information from internet sources that use scare tactics and half-truths. Talk to an experienced bankruptcy attorney and get the facts. Find out how bankruptcy can solve your debt problems today.

Oh, Those Misbehaving Debt Collectors

When Congress passed the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act (“FDCPA”) it stated that its purpose is “to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt collectors[.]” Congress cited the need for consumer protection because of the “abundant evidence of the use of abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection practices by many debt collectors. Abusive debt collection practices contribute to the number of personal bankruptcies, to marital instability, to the loss of jobs, and to invasions of individual privacy.”

Abusive debt collection practices are just bad news.

On February 22, 2010, the United States Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from the Fifth Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals on a FDCPA case: Kay v. Gonzales, U.S., No. 09-542. In that case the Plaintiff, Jose Gonzalez, received a letter from the Kay Law Firm. The letter, written on law firm letterhead and unsigned, told Gonzalez, “Please be advised that your account, as referenced above, is being handled by this office.” On the back of the letter was this statement: “At this point in time, no attorney with this firm has personally reviewed the particular circumstances of your account.” Gonzalez sued the Kay Law Firm for violating the FDCPA which prohibits debt collectors from falsely representing or implying that the debt collector is an attorney or that the communication is from an attorney.

The federal district court found that the disclaimer was sufficient to notify Gonzalez that the collection matter was not being handled by an attorney and the Gonzalez’s case was dismissed. On appeal the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals found that the letter’s disclaimer on the back was mixed in with “legalese” which may not be sufficient to notify the consumer of the attorney’s non-involvement in the case. The Fifth Circuit reversed the district court dismissal and remanded the case for trial. Gonzalez v. Kay, No. 08-20544 (5th Cir., 2009). Now that the Supreme Court has denied the Kay Law Firm’s appeal, Mr. Gonzalez will have his day in court.

The Fifth Circuit in its opinion cites the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals for why it is important to protect against this type of deceptive collection practice:

“An unsophisticated consumer, getting a letter from an ‘attorney,’ knows the price of poker has just gone up. And that clearly is the reason why the dunning campaign escalates from the collection agency, which might not strike fear in the heart of the consumer, to the attorney, who is better positioned to get the debtor’s knees knocking.”

Avila v. Rubin, 84 F.3d 222, 229 (7th Cir. 1996).

If you receive a collection letter from a law firm, speak to an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn your rights. Bankruptcy attorneys are trained in matters of debt defense and can help explain your rights under the FDCPA and the federal bankruptcy laws. Don’t let an unscrupulous debt collector get your “knees knocking.”

How to Find a Bankruptcy Attorney Online

While many attorneys advertise their qualifications on their web sites, NO ONE should hire legal counsel based solely upon the results of an online search. However, information you obtain from the internet can be useful in narrowing your search, provided you know what to look for in a prospective bankruptcy attorney.

First, is the attorney licensed to practice in your area? Usually the attorney’s biography will state his or her bar admissions. Each of the 94 federal judicial districts has a bankruptcy court, and these courts are defined by geographic jurisdictions. More information concerning federal court geographic boundaries can be found here.

An attorney who is not a member of the bar where you reside will have to petition the court for admission pro hac vice (“for this event only”). An attorney who is not active in a court may not have useful information regarding the bankruptcy judge, the trustee, local customs and rules, or contacts to make your case go smoothly.

Second, how long has the attorney been practicing bankruptcy law? The federal bankruptcy laws are complex and attorneys spend years learning how to successfully navigate a case from start to finish. Don’t be a test case or a learning experience for a new attorney.

Third, does the attorney belong to any professional associations? The National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys and the American Bankruptcy Institute are two outstanding resources for attorneys to keep current on changes in the bankruptcy law. Member attorneys also receive training and information that is beneficial to their clients.

An experienced bankruptcy attorney is easy to find, if you know the tell-tale signs. Use these signs to narrow your search, and then interview your candidates either by phone or in-person. Your choice of a bankruptcy attorney is a serious matter and should be carefully considered, so get to know your attorney’s qualifications before your make a hiring decision.

The Perils of a DIY Bankruptcy

Federal law guarantees open access to the courts and permits self representation in lawsuits, including bankruptcy proceedings. However, the most important question is not “can you,” but “should you” represent yourself in a bankruptcy case.

Proceeding pro se (Latin meaning “for himself”) in a bankruptcy case is like navigating a mine field while blindfolded. Is it possible to be successful? Sure! Will your bankruptcy case blow up? Probably. Books and internet resources simply cannot substitute for competent legal advice. Below are a few reasons why a pro se bankruptcy is a bad idea:

Reason 1: The Federal Bankruptcy Code is complex.

Reason 2: The Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure are complex (and changing as of December 1, 2009).

Reason 3: The bankruptcy court’s local rules are complex.

Reason 4: The applicability of state law to federal bankruptcy law is complex, including state exemption laws, state criminal laws, and state collection laws.

Reason 5: The bankruptcy trustee will examine your case more closely since you are not represented by counsel. The trustee will likely put you at the end of the 341 meeting docket to have extra time to review your bankruptcy case and ask questions.

Reason 6: Most skilled bankruptcy attorneys will not step into the middle of a pro se case when things go wrong.

Reason 7: Are you really qualified to answer important questions, like: “When should you file?” “What chapter should you file?”

Reason 8: Most courts will not allow a pro se bankruptcy debtor to file documents electronically through the court’s internet ECF system.

Reason 9: You can be audited by a CPA firm selected by the Department of Justice.

Reason 10: Occasionally the pro se case is such a chaotic mess that the debtor is forced to dismiss the bankruptcy and later re-file with the assistance of an attorney. That’s two bankruptcies on your credit report for the price of one!

Reason 11: If you are reaffirming a debt, you must appear in open court and answer the bankruptcy judge’s questions.

The upside of representing yourself is saving a few dollars. The downside is a considerable risk to your property, your future finances, and, in extreme cases, your liberty. Don’t risk your families’ well-being! Let an experience bankruptcy attorney guide you through your bankruptcy case.

Call the Law Office of Erich M. Niederlehner, PA prior to filing a bankruptcy not after things have gone wrong in your case. We offer free consultations and reasonable fees that can be paid over time so there is no reason not to hire an attorney to represent you in your bankruptcy filing.

How Bankruptcy is Helping Businesses Recover! - Fairhope, AL, Pensacola, FL, Fort Walton Beach, FL, & Mobile, AL

As consumers venture out shopping for gifts this holiday season, many will be surprised by the number of stores that have gone out of business since last Christmas. Many shopping favorites have closed their stores for good, including Linens N’ Things, Goody’s, Mervyns, KB Toys, Sharper Image, and Circuit City. However, many stores like Circuit City and Linens N’ Things have filed a business bankruptcy, but are still selling on-line. This kind of restructuring through a business bankruptcy is not unusual in today’s economy. Shrewd businessmen like Donald Trump know the power of the federal bankruptcy laws. In fact, Mr. Trump has seen his businesses file, and emerge from, bankruptcy several times.

According to the Wall Street Journal, business bankruptcies are up 16% from last year, and number 74,832 filings through October. For many retailers, the holiday season is a make-or-break time of and will do what they can to attract shoppers. For instance, BusinessWeek reports that Sears, Amazon.com, and Wal-Mart are invoking Black Friday deals weeks before Thanksgiving and retailers are planning to offer more holiday promotions and discounts this holiday season.

The federal bankruptcy laws have helped retailers keep their stores open. Eddie Bauer and Mrs. Fields Cookies are two well-known businesses that recently filed chapter 11 bankruptcies to reorganize finances, get a breathing spell from creditors, and continue operating. Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code is a reorganization bankruptcy, usually used by a corporation or partnership. In a chapter 11 the debtor proposes a plan to keep its business alive and pay creditors over time. An individual can also file a chapter 11 bankruptcy, but usually opts for filing under chapter 13 or 7.

If you are struggling with bills you can’t pay, you are not alone. Many businesses and individuals are hurting during this recession period. The good news is that the federal bankruptcy laws have helped millions of individuals and businesses get back on their feet, and it can help you too! Speak with me and learn how you can get relief and a fresh start in your financial life. So go green and cut up the plastic.

With offices in Mobile, Fairhope, Pensacola & Fort Walton Beach bankruptcy attorney Erich M. Niederlehner has a location near you. Schedule your free consultation to see if bankruptcy might be right for your situation by calling 877-607-2228.